Which approach emphasizes continuously improving processes and reducing variability?

The approach that emphasizes continuously improving processes and reducing variability is Total Quality Management (TQM). TQM is a holistic management philosophy that focuses on long-term success through customer satisfaction. It advocates for a culture in which all members of an organization participate in improving processes, products, services, and the culture in which they work.

Central to TQM is the idea of continuous improvement, often referred to by the Japanese term "Kaizen." This concept encourages small, incremental changes rather than massive shifts, allowing organizations to gradually enhance their processes and minimize variations that could negatively impact product quality and customer satisfaction. TQM also incorporates tools and techniques that help in identifying and controlling variations in processes, leading to more consistent and reliable outcomes.

In contrast, lean production focuses primarily on waste elimination and improving efficiency, while statistical process control employs statistical methods to monitor and control processes. Quality circles involve small groups of employees who meet regularly to discuss workplace improvement, but they do not encompass the broader organizational commitment and philosophy of TQM. Overall, TQM's comprehensive approach to both process improvement and reducing variability makes it the appropriate choice for this question.